權威作家們犯過的語法錯誤
2024-10-08 23:58:08
作者: 約瑟夫·德夫林
有時,就算是最頂尖的演說家和作家也會犯錯。許多在我們的認知里不可能犯錯的權威作家都多多少少觸犯過基本的語法原則,違背一個或多個詞類的使用規則。實際上,有的作家甚至不斷違反所有九個詞類的規則,但他們仍然坐在榮譽寶座上,接受眾人的崇敬。麥考萊就曾錯用過冠詞。他寫道,
例46
That a historian should not record trifles is perfectly true.
(一個歷史學家不應記錄瑣事,這句話是完全正確的。)
本書首發𝚋𝚊𝚗𝚡𝚒𝚊𝚋𝚊.𝚌𝚘𝚖,提供給你無錯章節,無亂序章節的閱讀體驗
他應該用an。
狄更斯(1)也錯誤地使用過冠詞。他稱《魯濱孫漂流記》為
例47 an universally popular book(一本廣受歡迎的書)
正確寫法應該是a universally popular book。
名詞和代詞之間的關係一直都是演說家和作家面前的絆腳石。哈勒姆(2)在他的作品《歐洲文學》中寫道:
例48
No one as yet had exhibited the structure of the human kidneys, Vesalius(3) having only examined them in dogs.
(到目前為止,還沒有人成功地展示過人類的腎臟,維薩里僅僅檢測過狗的腎臟。)
這句話的正確寫法應該是,
No one had as yet exhibited the kidneys in human beings, Vesalius having examined such organs in dogs only.
(到目前為止,還沒有人成功地展示過人類的腎臟,維薩里僅僅檢測過狗的腎臟。)
亞瑟·赫爾普斯爵士(4)在寫到狄更斯時這麼說:
例49
I knew a brother author of his who received such criticisms from him (Dickens)very lately and profited by it.
(我認識他的一個兄弟作家,就在不久前,他從他(狄更斯)那兒得到一些評價,受益匪淺。)
這裡不應該用it,而應該用them,才符合criticisms這個詞的形態(複數)。
以下是一些著名作家犯的代詞方面的錯誤。
例50
Sir Thomas Moore(5) in general so writes it, although not many others so late as him.
(托馬斯·摩爾爵士總的來說是這麼寫的,儘管沒有很多人像他一樣這麼晚。)
——特倫奇的《英語的過去與現在》
這裡應該用he。
例51
What should we gain by it but that we should speedily become as poor as them.
(我們從中所得的,不過是快速地變貧窮,像他們一樣。)
——艾莉森的《關於麥考萊的散文》
這裡應該用they。
例52
If the king gives us leave you or I may as lawfully preach, as them that do.
(如果國王准我們離去,你們也好,我也好,就可以像他們那樣合法宣講。)
——霍布斯的《內戰史》
這裡應該用they或those,後者能讓人更好地理解句意。
例53
The drift of all his sermons was, to prepare the Jews for the reception of a prophet, mightier than him, and whose shoes he was not worthy to bear.
(他所有布道的主旨,都是讓猶太人做好準備,接納一位比他更強大、不配忍受他的先知。)
——阿特伯里的布道
這裡應該用he。
例54
Phalaris, who was so much older than her.(法拉里斯比她年長得多。)
——本特利的《關於法拉里斯的書信的論文》(6)
這裡應該用she。
例55
King Charles, and more than him, the duke and the Popish faction were at liberty to form new schemes.
(查爾斯王,還有比他更重要的公爵以及天主教派人士可以自由地商議新計劃了。)
——博林布魯克的《關於黨派的論述》
這裡應該用he。
例56
We contributed a third more than the Dutch, who were obliged to the same proportion more than us.
(我們的貢獻比荷蘭人高三分之一,而荷蘭人原本的定額應比我們高三分之一。)
——斯威夫特的《盟國行為》
這裡應該用we。
在以上所有例句中的代詞本應該用主格,但都錯用成了賓格。
例57 Let thou and I the battle try.(讓你和我去戰鬥吧。)
——阿農
這裡let是使動動詞,後面要接賓格。所以,這裡不應該用thou和I,而應該用you(單數)和me。
例58
Forever in this humble cell, Let thee and I, my fair one, dwell.
(讓我和你,我的佳人,永遠地住在這個簡陋的小屋裡。)
——普萊爾
這裡thee和I應該用賓格的you和me。
關係代詞的使用難倒了絕大多數作家。
就算在《聖經》里我們都能發現關係代詞的錯誤使用。
例59
Whom do men say that I am?(人們說我是什麼樣的?)
——聖馬太
Whom think ye that I am?(你覺得我是什麼樣的?)
——《使徒行傳》
在這兩個例句中都應該用who,因為該詞不是跟在say或think後面的賓格,而是動詞am的主格。
例60
Who should I meet at the coffee house t』other night, but my old friend?
(那天晚上我在咖啡館除了見我的老朋友還能見誰呢?)
——斯蒂爾
It is another pattern of this answerer’s fair dealing, to give us hints that the author is dead, and yet lay the suspicion upon somebody, I know not who, in the country.
(這位回答者的另一種公正做法是,暗示我們作者已死,並且把嫌疑指向了這個國家的某個人,我不知道是誰。)
——斯威夫特的《老爺船的故事》
My son is going to be married to I don’t know who.
(我的兒子將要和一個我不知道的人結婚。)
——哥德史密斯的《好心人》
以上例句中的主格who是錯誤的,應該用賓格whom。
代詞thou的主格複數形式ye在使用中常常代替賓格you出現,比如:
例61
His wrath which will one day destroy ye both.
(他的憤怒,總有一天會將你們二人毀滅。)
——米爾頓
The more shame for ye? holy men I thought ye.
(你們越發羞愧,我就越容易想到聖人。)
——莎士比亞
I feel the gales that from ye blow.(我感覺到你們吹來的大風。)
——格雷
Tyrants dread ye, lest your just decree Transfer the power and set the people free.
(暴虐的人哪,你們害怕公正的法令轉移權力,讓人民獲得自由。)
——普萊爾
許多大作家在使用形容詞時不假思索,胡亂選擇比較的程度。
例62
Of two forms of the same word, use the fittest.
(在同一個單詞的兩個格式中,使用最合適的。)
——莫雷爾
作者本想給出好的建議,卻做了個糟糕的示範。在這裡他應該用比較級fitter。
本身擁有比較級或最高級含義的形容詞不需要再在詞前加more、most或在詞尾加er、est,因此以下例句違背了這個規則。
例63
Money is the most universal incitement of human misery.
(金錢是人類苦難最普遍的誘因。)
——吉本的《羅馬帝國衰亡史》(7)
The chiefest of which was known by the name of Archon among the Grecians.
(其中最重要的一位是希臘人中的執政官。)
——德萊頓的《普魯塔克的一生》
The chiefest and largest are removed to certain magazines they call libraries.
(最重要的和最大的被轉移到他們稱為《圖書館》的雜誌上。)
——斯威夫特的《書籍之戰》
The two chiefest properties of air, its gravity and elastic force, have been discovered by mechanical experiments.
(空氣的兩個最主要的性質——重力和彈力,是通過力學實驗發現的。)
——阿爾伯斯諾
From these various causes, which in greater or lesser degree, affected every individual in the colony, the indignation of the people became general.
(由於這些或多或少都影響到殖民地中每一個人的原因,人民的憤怒變得普遍起來。)
——羅伯遜的《美國歷史》
The extremest parts of the earth were meditating a submission.
(地球最遙遠的地方都在沉思著服從。)
——阿特伯里的布道
The last are indeed more preferable because they are founded on some new knowledge or improvement in the mind of man.
(最後一種方法的確更可取,因為它們是建立在人類大腦的新知或進步的基礎上的。)
——阿狄森,旁觀者
This was in reality the easiest manner of the two.
(這實際上是兩種方式中最簡單的一種。)
——沙夫茨伯里對一名作家的建議
In every well formed mind this second desire seems to be the strongest of the two.
(在每個頭腦健全的人看來,第二種欲望似乎是兩者中最強烈的一種。)
——史密斯的《道德情感理論》
以上例句通通誤用了最高級。只有兩個比較對象的時候必須用比較級。
談及可能性的時候,是沒有對比程度的,然而還是出現了以下這些表達:
例64
As it was impossible they should know the words, thoughts and secret actions of all men, so it was more impossible they should pass judgment on them according to these things.
(因為他們不可能知道所有人的言語、思想和私人行為,所以更不可能通過這些事情來對人們進行批判。)
——惠特比的《基督教的必要性》
很大一部分作家把形容詞作副詞用,於是我們發現了以下例句:
例65
I shall endeavor to live hereafter suitable to a man in my station.
(以後我會努力過我這種社會地位的人應有的生活。)
——阿狄森
I can never think so very mean of him.
(我永遠也不會把他想像成很壞的樣子。)
——本特利的《關於法拉里斯的書信的論文》
His expectations run high and the fund to supply them is extreme scanty,
(他的期待水漲船高,然而資金卻極度短缺,)
——蘭卡斯特的《關於精緻的論述》
關於動詞的最常見的錯誤用法是無視動詞和主語之間的關係。這種錯誤頻繁出現在動詞和主語相隔甚遠的句子裡,尤其是當動詞跟在另一個不同數量的名詞的後面時。這種錯誤常發生在either、or、neither、nor,和much、more、many、everyone、each這些詞後面。
以下是一些作家犯錯的例句。
例66
The terms in which the sale of a patent were communicated to the public.
(向公眾傳達專利銷售的條款。)
——朱尼厄斯的信
The richness of her arms and apparel were conspicuous.
(她的胳膊和衣服十分華麗,這是顯而易見的。)
——吉本的《羅馬帝國衰亡史》
Everyone of this grotesque family were the creatures of national genius.
(這個怪誕家族的每個人都是民族天才的產物。)
——迪·伊瑟拉里
He knows not what spleen, languor or listlessness are.
(他不知道什麼是憤怒,什麼是倦怠,什麼是無精打采。)
——布萊爾的布道
Each of these words imply, some pursuit or object relinquished.
(這其中的每一個詞都暗示著放棄某種追求或目標。)
——伊比德
Magnus, with four thousand of his supposed accomplices were put to death.
(馬格納斯和他所謂的4000名同夥一同被處死。)
——吉本
No nation gives greater encouragements to learning than we do? yet at the same time none are so injudicious in the application.
(沒有一個國家比我們更鼓勵學習;但同時,在實施過程中沒有誰比我們更不明智。)
——哥德史密斯
There’s two or three of us have seen strange sights.
(我們中有兩三個人見過奇怪的景象。)
——莎士比亞
過去分詞不能用於過去時,然而學富五車的拜倫卻忽視了這一點。他在《塔索的哀歌》中寫道:
例67
And with my years my soul begun to pant With feelings of strange tumult and soft pain.
(隨著歲月的流逝,我的靈魂開始因奇怪的騷動和輕柔的痛苦而喘息。)
另一個例句來自塞維吉的《漫遊者》,一個句子裡出現了兩次這類錯誤。
例68
From liberty each nobler science sprung, A Bacon brighten』d and a Spenser sung.
(從自由中誕生了每一種更高貴的科學。點亮了培根,唱響了斯賓塞。)
其他和分詞相關的錯誤如下。
例69
Every book ought to be read with the same spirit and in the same manner as it is writ.
(每本書都應該以與寫作相同的精神和方式閱讀。)
——菲爾丁的《湯姆·瓊斯》
The Court of Augustus had not wore off the manners of the republic.
(奧古斯都的法院並沒有消除共和國的風氣。)
——休謨的散文
Moses tells us that the fountains of the earth were broke open or clove asunder.
(摩西告訴我們,地上的泉源破開了,或是裂開了。)
——伯內特
A free constitution when it has been shook by the iniquity of former administrations.
(一部自由的憲法,當它被前政府的罪惡所動搖。)
——博林布魯克
In this respect the seeds of future divisions were sowed abundantly.
(在這方面,未來分裂的種子被大量播種。)
——伊比德
以下例句中,現在分詞被用於動詞不定式。
例70
It is easy distinguishing the rude fragment of a rock from the splinter of a statue.
(把粗糙的岩石碎片和雕像碎片區分開來是很容易的。)
——吉爾菲倫的《文學肖像》
在這裡,應該用distinguish而不是distinguishing。
以下例句違反了shall和will的使用規則。
例71
If we look within the rough and awkward outside, we will be richly rewarded by its perusal.
(如果我們從粗糙和尷尬的外面向里看,我們將因細讀得到豐厚的回報。)
——吉爾菲倫的《文學肖像》
If I should declare them and speak of them, they should be more than I am able to express.
(如果我要宣告並談論他們,他們應該比我所能表達的還要多。)
——祈禱書,讚美詩11版
If I would declare them and speak of them, they are more than can be numbered.
(如果我要宣告並談論他們,他們的人數就太多了。)
——伊比德
Without having attended to this, we will be at a loss, in understanding several passages in the classics.
(如果不注意到這一點,我們就會在理解經典中的一些段落時不知所措。)
——布萊爾的演講
We know to what cause our past reverses have been owing and we will have ourselves to blame, if they are again incurred.
(我們知道我們過去的挫折是由於什麼原因造成的。如果它們再次發生,我們就得責怪自己了。)
——艾麗森的《歐洲史》
關於副詞的錯誤使用在名家之作中極其常見。rather是一個頻繁被誤用的副詞。特倫奇大主教在他的作品《英語的過去和現在》里寫道:「It rather modified the structure of our sentences than the elements of our vocabulary.」這句話的正確形式應該是「It modified the structure of our sentences rather than the elements of our vocabulary.」
「So far as his mode of teaching goes he is rather a disciple of Socrates than of St. Paul or Wesley.」
這是萊斯利·史蒂芬筆下的《塞繆爾·詹森》。他應該寫成「So far as his mode of teaching goes he is a disciple of Socrates rather than of St. Paul or Wesley.」。
介詞是一個常常被部分大作家誤用的詞類。一些名詞、形容詞和動詞後面要接特定的介詞。比如,different後面總是接from、prevail後面接upon、averse後面接to、accord後面接with等等。
以下例句中,括號里的介詞是應該使用的。
He found the greatest difficulty of (in) writing.
(他發現了寫作中最大的困難。)
——休謨的《英格蘭史》
If policy can prevail upon (over) force.
(如果政策能夠勝過武力。)
——阿狄森
He made the discovery and communicated to (with) his friends.
(他發現了這件事並和他的朋友們進行了交流。)
——斯威夫特的《老爺船的故事》
Every office of command should be intrusted to persons on (in) whom the parliament shall confide.
(每一個指揮部都應委託給議會委託的人。)
——麥考萊
少數幾位著名作家違反常規,把介詞放在句尾。比如卡萊爾在《關於彭斯的研究》中提及,「Our own contributions to it, we are aware, can be but scanty and feeble? but we offer them with good will, and trust they may meet with acceptance from those they are intended for.」(我們知道我們對它的貢獻只能是有限和微弱的;但我們對它們寄予美好的期望,並相信他們可能會得到他們想要的。)
他應該寫「for whom they are intended」。
Most writers have some one vein which they peculiarly and obviously excel in.
(大多數作家都有一種獨特而又明顯擅長的寫作風格。)
——威廉·明托
這句話應該寫成「Most writers have some one vein in which they peculiarly and obviously excel.」
許多作家使用多餘的詞重複地表達同樣的想法和念頭。這叫作贅述(tautology)。
Notwithstanding which (however) poor Polly embraced them all around.
(儘管如此,可憐的波莉還是接受了他們。)
——狄更斯
I judged that they would (mutually) find each other.
(我判斷他們會找到彼此。)
——克羅基特
...as having created a (joint) partnership between the two Powers in the Morocco question.
(……在摩洛哥問題上兩個大國建立了夥伴關係。)
——《泰晤士報》
The only sensible position (there seems to be) is to frankly acknowledge our ignorance of what lies beyond.
(唯一明智的立場是坦率地承認我們對未來的無知。)
——《每日電訊報》
Lord Rosebery has not budged from his position—splendid, no doubt,—of(lonely) isolation.
(毫無疑問,羅伯里斯勳爵的地位是顯赫的,是孤獨的。)
——《泰晤士報》
Miss Fox was (often) in the habit of assuring Mrs. Chick.
(福克斯小姐習慣於向奇科夫人保證。)
——狄更斯
The deck (it) was their field of fame.(甲板是他們的成名場所。)
——坎貝爾
He had come up one morning, as was now (frequently) his wont,
(有一天早上,他像往常一樣來,)
——特羅洛普
The counsellors of the Sultan (continue to) remain skeptical
(蘇丹的顧問們仍持懷疑態度)
——《泰晤士報》
Seriously, (and apart from jesting), this is no light matter.
(說真的,這不是件輕鬆的事。)
——白芝浩
To go back to your own country with (the consciousness that you go back with) the sense of duty well done.
(帶著責任感回到你自己的國家。)
——霍斯爾伯里大法官
The Peresviet lost both her fighting-tops and (in appearance) looked the most damaged of all the ships
(Peresviet號在戰鬥中失去了兩個戰鬥機,看起來是所有戰艦中受損最嚴重的。)
——《泰晤士報》
Counsel admitted that, that was a fair suggestion to make, but he submitted that it was borne out by the (surrounding) circumstances.
(律師承認,這是一個合理的建議,但他認為這是由環境帶來的。)
——伊比德
另一個使用並不必要的單詞和詞組的情況叫作迂迴(termed circumlocution),也就是拐彎抹角,繞來繞去不講重點。此時應精簡敘事以節省空間。
這種情況可以比作從三角形的一端到另一端,不走直線而走三角形的另兩條線。比如在以下引用中,「Pope professed to have learned his poetry from Dryden, whom, whenever an opportunity was presented, he praised through the whole period of his existence with unvaried liberality? and perhaps his character may receive some illustration, of a comparison he instituted between him and the man whose pupil he was.」(教皇聲稱從德萊頓那裡學習了詩歌,只要有機會,他就毫不留情地讚美德萊頓的一生一世。也許他的性格可以從他和他的老師的比較中得到一些說明。),大部分連篇累牘的詞句可以省略,因此句子凝練為:
「Pope professed himself the pupil of Dryden, whom he lost no opportunity of praising? and his character may be illustrated by a comparison with his master.」
(教皇自稱是德萊頓的學生,他從不吝嗇讚美德萊頓的機會;他的性格可以通過與他老師的相比較來說明。)
「His life was brought to a close in 1910 at an age not far from the one fixed by the sacred writer as the term of human existence.」
(他的生命在1910年結束,離這位神聖作家所定義的人類存在時代不遠了。)
這句話的簡潔版本為,「His life was brought to a close at the age of seventy.」(他的生命在70歲結束。);或者更簡潔,「He died at the age of seventy.」(他70歲去世。)
「The day was intensely cold, so cold in fact that the thermometer crept down to the zero mark.」(那天非常冷,冷得溫度計都悄然降到零度。),可以表達為「The day was so cold the thermometer registered zero.」(那天冷得連溫度計都降到零度。)
許多作家連篇累牘,有時在碰到他們不太了解甚至一無所知的對象時用這一招,意在「鋪墊」(padding),也就是填補空白。年輕作家要避開這一點,學會儘可能使用通俗易懂的詞句簡潔地表達想法和觀念。
實際上,從名家之作中可以找到很多語法、措辭以及風格上的錯誤。事實證明,人無完人,就連最優秀的作家都有失手的時候。不過,這些錯誤多是由於粗心,或在倉促之中犯下的,而不是因為知識所限。
通常來說,在說話時鮮少出錯的資深學者在寫作中也有可能犯錯。實際上,很多人都是完美的演講大師,他們在談話中從不出錯;但他們對語法的基本規則知之甚少,以至於無法寫出一個正確的句子。這類人從嬰兒時期開始聽到的都是正確的口頭語,所以使用合適的詞彙和格式已經成了他們的第二天性。對於孩子來說,學對的和學錯的一樣容易。在易受影響的年齡形成的印象,無論對錯,都會一直停留在腦海里。就連鸚鵡都能學會正確用語。對鸚鵡說「Two and two make four」,它絕對不會說成「two and two makes four」。
然而,寫作卻是完全不同的情況。在沒有基礎語法知識的情況下,我們可以通過和大演說家交談學會正確的口頭語;但在同樣的情況下,我們無法學會正確的寫作。要寫一封日常信件,我們必須知道信件的結構、詞彙之間的關係。因此,每個人都有必要了解最基礎、最重要的語法規則。
(1) 查爾斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens),英國作家,代表作有《大衛·科波菲爾》《霧都孤兒》《雙城記》等。
(2) 亨利·哈勒姆(Henry Hallam),英國歷史學家。
(3) 安德烈·維薩里(Andreas Vesalius),著名醫生、解剖學家。
(4) 亞瑟·赫爾普斯爵士(Sir Arthur Helps),英國作家。
(5) Thomas Moore(1779—1852),愛爾蘭詩人、歌手、詞作者、表演家。
(6) 原文為Dissertation on Phalaris,該書全名為Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris。
(7) 原文為Decline and Fall,該書全名為The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire。