專項練習

2024-08-15 17:37:46 作者: 陳素珍 王向旭

  1.Saying always has less difficulty than______.

  A.done B.doing C.to do D.having done

  

  2.______the same mistake again made his parents very angry.

  A.His being made B.He has made

  C.He had making D.His making

  3.The thief entered the room without______.

  A.noticing B.being noticed

  C.having noticed D.having been noticed

  4.Would you mind______quiet for a moment?I’m trying______a form.

  A.keeping;filling out B.to keep;to fill out

  C.keeping;to fill out D.to keep;filling out

  5.She says she doesn’t feel like______out with you.

  A.going B.to go C.for going D.went

  6.He apologized for______.

  A.his not being able to come B.his being not able to come

  C.his being able not to come D.him not being able to come

  7.Only______English doesn’t mean______the language.

  A.to learn;to learn B.learning;learning

  C.learning about;learn D.learning about;learning

  8.You must do something to prevent your house______.

  A.to be broken in B.from being broken in

  C.to break in D.from breaking in

  9.I still remember______to my hometown when I was young.

  A.taking B.taken C.being taken D.to take

  10.It’s no use______so much money on clothes.

  A.spend B.spent C.spending D.being spent

  11.I delayed______your letter because I had been away for a week.

  A.answer B.answering C.writing D.to post

  12.I searched for my wallet and it wasn’t there.At first,I thought I______it at home.Then I remembered______it out to pay for the taxi.

  A.must have left;to take B.may leave;taking

  C.might leave;to take D.could have left;taking

  13.She decided to devote herself______the problem of old age.

  A.to study B.studying C.to studying D.study

  14.Grandma said that she had a lot of trouble______your handwriting.

  A.to read B.to see C.reading D.in seeing

  15.I don’t see how I could possibly manage______the work without______.

  A.finish;helping B.to finish;being helped

  C.finishing;helping D.finishing;being helped

  16.The editorial______now will appear in tomorrow’s newspaper.

  A.writing B.to write C.being written D.write

  17.The sentence needs______.

  A.improve B.an improvement C.improving D.improved

  18.No one enjoys______at.

  A.laughing B.to laugh C.being laughed D.to be laughed

  19.The young trees we planted last week require______with great care.

  A.looking after B.to look after

  C.to be looked after D.taken good care of

  20.Anything worth______is worthy of______well.

  A.doing;being done B.doing;doing

  C.to be done;to be done D.to be done;being done

  參考答案:

  1-5 BDBCA 6-10 ADBCC 11-15 BDCCB 16-20 CCCAA

  (三)分詞

  分詞是非謂語動詞的又一種形式,分為現在分詞(Present Participle)和過去分詞(Past Participle),現在分詞表示主動,過去分詞表示被動,兩者都主要起形容詞和副詞的作用,在句子中可以作定語、表語、狀語、同位語、獨立成分、賓語補足語和主語補足語等。分詞還保留有動詞的特點,其後可以帶有狀語,構成短語。其否定形式為not+分詞。現在分詞有一般式和完成式:一般式用來指和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生的行為;完成式(having+過去分詞)用來指在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生的動作,兩者都各自有其被動形式。過去分詞沒有時態和語態的變化,只有一種形式。及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動和完成的含義;不及物動詞的過去分詞表示完成的含義。

  1.現在分詞

  (1)現在分詞基本用法

  1)構成句子時態:現在進行時

  Those boys are running around the playground.

  那些男孩在繞著操場跑步。

  Tom is doing his homework,while his sister,Lily,is watching TV.

  湯姆在寫作業,而他的妹妹莉莉卻在看電視。

  2)作表語

  現在分詞作表語通常可以被看作形容詞,表示主語的性質、特點和所處的狀態,而且主語多為物。常見的詞有:alarming,amusing,astonishing,charming,confusing,daring,demanding,disappointing,discouraging,encouraging,exciting,grasping,interesting,inviting,misleading,pleasing,promising,refreshing,revealing,shocking,striking,surprising,terrifying,tiring,worrying.如:

  The film「Pearl Harbor」 is really exciting.

  《珍珠港》這部電影真是激動人心。

  He remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。

  注意:現在分詞作表語要與其構成一般進行時區別開來,進行時態的分詞表示主語正在進行的動作,主語是人是物皆可,其構成形式即為 be+doing。作表語的分詞表示主語的特徵和狀態,構成可以由be動詞,也可以由其他系動詞如remain,keep,look,seem,sound等,主語一般不為人。如:

  His words sounds encouraging.(作表語)

  他的話聽起來鼓舞人心。

  He is encouraging people to see the match.(現在進行時)

  他正在鼓勵人們去看這場比賽。

  3)作狀語

  現在分詞在句子中作狀語,可以表示時間、條件、原因、結果、讓步、伴隨等。分詞作狀語時,表示正在進行的或主動的動作,此時分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語,因此要注意人稱、時態和語態的一致性。

  ①作時間狀語

  a.分詞動作一發生,謂語動作緊跟著發生,這時用現在分詞的一般式作時間狀語,其邏輯主語為句中的主語。常用的動詞:hear,see,arrive,return,get to,look,open,close,leave,turn around,walk等,表示一個極短暫動作。此種情況可以換作on+動名詞,表示相同的意思。譯作「一(剛)……就……」。如:

  Seeing the movie star,all the fans ran towards him.

  一看到這個電影明星,所有的影迷都跑了過去。

  Hearing the exciting news,the whole class jumped with joy.

  一聽到這個激動人心的消息,全班同學都高興得跳了起來。

  b.謂語動作發生在分詞所表示的動作過程之中,則用when/while+現在分詞的一般式,分詞的邏輯主語為句中的主語。此種情況可以用in+動名詞的一般式代替。此時也可以換作when、while引導的時間狀語從句,該從句的謂語動詞用進行時態。如:

  Waiting for a train,I had a long talk with my sister about her work.

  等火車的時候,我跟妹妹談了很多關於她的工作方面的事。

  Having a meeting,you are supposed to keep quiet.

  開會的時候,你們應該保持安靜。

  c.分詞所表示的動作完成之後,謂語動作才發生,則要用現在分詞的完成式,即having done的形式。分詞的邏輯主語應是句中的主語。這種情況可以用after+動名詞的一般式表示,也可以用after/when引導的時間狀語從句來替換,該從句的謂語動詞用過去完成式。如:

  Having finished writing the paper,they would leave for home.

  =After finishing writing the paper,they would leave for home.

  =After/When they had finished writing the paper,they would leave for home.

  寫完論文後,他們才得以回家。

  ②作條件狀語

  Turning to the left,you will find the path leading to the park.

  如果轉向左邊,你將找到通向公園的小道。

  ③作原因狀語

  與時間狀語一樣,作原因狀語也要注意分詞所表示的動作與謂語動作的先後關係。當分詞所表示的動作與謂語動作同時發生或幾乎同時發生時,用分詞的一般形式,此時分詞的邏輯主語須是句中的主語。這樣的原因狀語可以換成since,because,as引導的原因狀語,該從句謂語動詞用一般過去時。當分詞表示的動作發生在謂語動作之前,可以用現在分詞的完成時在句中作原因狀語,該從句的謂語動詞須用完成時。如:

  Fearing that the police would recognize him,he never went out in daylight.

  他怕警察會認出他來,因此白天他從不外出。

  Having lived with the girl for 5 years,we all know her very well.

  因為與那個女孩一起生活了五年,我們都非常了解她。

  ④作方式、伴隨狀語

  現在分詞短語表方式或伴隨,用來說明動作發生的背景或情況。一般情況下,現在分詞所表示的動作與謂語所表示的動作同時發生,它的邏輯主語就是句中的主語,謂語動詞作為主要動作。作方式狀語時,分詞短語常置於句末。如:

  The little boy sat there silently,staring at the cover of the book vacantly.

  那個小男孩茫然地盯著書的封面,坐在那兒一言不發。

  The soldier died a glorious death,sacrificing himself for the safety of the country.

  他死得光榮,為國家安全獻出了自己的生命。

  ⑤作結果狀語

  相當於一個結果狀語從句,用主動語態,通常位於句末,中間有逗號。有時為了加強語氣,就在分詞前加thus。如:

  Their car was caught in a traffic jam,thus causing the delay.

  他們的車遇上交通堵塞,因而耽誤了。

  The young couple died of AIDs,leaving two boys and a daughter behind.

  這對年輕夫婦患愛滋病去世,扔下了兩個兒子和一個女兒。

  ⑥作讓步狀語

  相當於一個讓步狀語從句,有時分詞前可以帶有連接詞although,whether,even if,even though,分詞的邏輯主語是句中的主語,變成狀語從句時,需用主動語態。如:

  Being heavy,the table was moved by Mike himself.

  儘管這張桌子很重,邁克還是一個人把它搬走了。

  Working or reading,the student couldn’t concentrate these days.

  無論是工作還是讀書,那個學生這幾天都不能集中精力。

  4)作定語

  the swimming boy游泳的男孩 developing country發展中國家

  running water自來水 floating wreckage漂浮著的殘骸

  exciting news激動人心的消息 tiring music煩人的音樂

  dripping taps滴水的龍頭 growing crops生長中的莊稼

  More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.

  越來越多的發展中國家與發達國家結成了戰略合作關係。

  5)作補語

  現在分詞作補足語,表示正在進行的或主動的動作。現在分詞既可以作主語補足語,也可以在see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glance等感官動詞和look at,listen to等動詞短語以及have,keep,get,catch,leave,set,start,send等使役動詞後面與名詞或代詞構成複合賓語,作賓語補足語的成分。如:

  Two students were caught cheating in this important exam.(主補)

  兩個學生在這次重要考試中作弊被抓。

  On the top of the hill,we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.(賓補)

  在山頂上,我們可以看到這個村莊煙囪里冒出的煙。

  注意:

  ①在see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,notice等動詞後,既可以用現在分詞構成複合賓語,也可以用不定式構成複合賓語,但兩者的含義有區別:用現在分詞,表示動作正在發生(即處於發生的過程中,還沒有結束),用不定式表示動作發生了(即動作全過程結束了)。如:

  All the neighbours heard him playing the piano last night.

  昨天晚上所有鄰居都聽見他在彈鋼琴。

  All the neighbours heard him play the piano last night,so they didn’t sleep well.

  昨天晚上所有鄰居都聽見他彈鋼琴了,所以他們都沒睡好覺。

  ②「have+賓語+現在分詞」表示主體使客體處於某狀態或幹什麼事;「have+賓語+過去分詞」表示動作是別人做的或與主體意志無關。如:

  We had the fire burning all day.我們使火燃燒了一整天。

  The businessman had his car repaired.這個商人把他的車(讓別人)修過了。

  6)作獨立成分

  現在分詞獨立結構通常作狀語,可由「with」或「without」構成。如:

  Prices going up so fast,we can’t afford such expensive clothes.

  物價上漲得這麼快,我們買不起如此昂貴的衣服了。

  With his lips still trembling,he couldn’t say a word.

  他嘴唇發抖,一句話也說不出來。

  現在分詞獨立結構可以被看作句子的插入語,其結構是固定的,意思上的主語並不是句子的主語。常見的有:

  generally speaking 一般說來 talking of(speaking of)說到

  strictly speaking 嚴格的說 judging from 從……判斷

  all things considered 從整體來看 taking all things into consideration 全面看來

  Judging from his face,he must be ill.從他的臉色看,他一定是病了。

  Taking all things into consideration,you shouldn’t deal with it that way.

  所有的因素都考慮在內,你不能用那種方法來處理這件事。

  (2)現在分詞與動名詞區別

  現在分詞相當於形容詞或副詞,在句中作表語,補語,定語或者狀語,它在句子中充當動詞的一個詞態的變化;而動名詞就相當於名詞,只是保有一些(很少)動詞的功能,大部分是名詞的特性,所以它在句中可以作主語,賓語,表語,同位語,定語等;當-ing形式出現在句中作狀語時,它肯定是現在分詞;當-ing形式出現在句中作主語,賓語,同位語時,它肯定是動名詞;運用時,最主要區分兩者作表語和定語時的用法。

  1)作表語

  現在分詞作表語起形容詞的作用,說明主語的性質、特徵等,回答how的問題前可以用very,quite,rather,greatly等副詞修飾,而動名詞則不可以;現在分詞與形容詞一樣可以和more,the most構成形容詞的比較級和最高級,而動名詞則不可以;作表語用的現在分詞除了和be連用以外,還可以和其他的系動詞連用,而作表語的動名詞則通常只能和be連用;現在分詞不可與主語互換位置,也不可帶賓語。動名詞作表語說明主語的內容,回答 what的問題,動名詞作表語時可以和主語互換位置,意思和語法上都正確,此外,其後還可加賓語,狀語。如:

  The situation both at home and abroad is very inspiring.(現在分詞)

  無論是國內還是國外的形勢都非常振奮人心。

  One of the best exercises is swimming.(動名詞)

  =Swimming is one of the best exercises.

  最好的運動之一是游泳。/游泳是最好的運動之一。

  The film last night was very disappointing to us.(現在分詞)

  昨晚的那場電影我們感覺很失望。

  His job is teaching Chinese literature.(動名詞)

  =Teaching Chinese literature is his job.

  他的工作是教漢語文學。/教漢語文學是他的工作。

  2)作定語

  現在分詞作定語時,其前可有副詞,形容詞或名詞,表示它所修飾的名詞正在進行的動作或行為,和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關係,常可以擴展成一個定語從句。動名詞作定語時,其前可以有形容詞,但此形容詞不是修飾動名詞,而是修飾「動名詞+名詞」結構,表示它所修飾的名詞的性能和用途(可以用「use for+動名詞」這個結構代替),它和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關係。此外,現在分詞構成的短語現在分詞不重讀,動名詞構成的短語動名詞須重讀。如:

  a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping 一個睡著的孩子

  (sleeping此處為現在分詞,不重讀)

  a sleeping car=a car used for sleeping 一節臥車車廂

  (sleeping此處為動名詞,須重讀)

  a swimming girl =a girl who is swimming一個在游泳的姑娘

  (swimming此處為現在分詞,不重讀)

  a walking stick =a stick that is used for walking一根拐杖

  (walking此處為動名詞,須重讀)

  a hard-working worker 一個努力工作的工人

  (現在分詞working之前有副詞hard,是working 的狀語)

  a good-looking boy 一個帥氣的小伙

  (現在分詞looking 之前有形容詞good,是looking的表語)

  a big waiting room 一大間候車室

  (形容詞big 不修飾動名詞waiting,而是修飾waiting room)


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