五、虛擬語氣

2024-08-15 17:38:20 作者: 陳素珍 王向旭

  (一)語氣的含義和種類

  語氣是動詞的一種形式,表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態度。英語中語氣有三種:陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣。

  1.陳述語氣

  表示動作或狀態是現實的、確定的或符合事實的,也就是說把動作或狀態當作事實表達出來。如:

  There are two sides to every question.每個問題都有兩個方面。

  Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎?

  How good a teacher she is! 她是多好的一位老師啊!

  

  2.祈使語氣

  表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。如:

  Never be late again! 再也不要遲到了。

  Don’t forget to turn off the light.別忘了關燈。

  3.虛擬語氣

  表示動作或狀態不是客觀存在的事實,而是說話人的主觀願望、假設或推測等。如:

  If I were a bird,I could fly in the air.

  如果我是一隻小鳥,我就能在空中飛行。(我不可能是一隻小鳥,我是一個人。)

  I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通過考試。

  (二)虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法

  1.條件句分類

  英語中的條件句一般分為兩類:一種是真實條件句;另一種是非真實條件句。

  (1)如果假設的情況可能發生,是真實條件句,這種情況下謂語用陳述語氣。如:

  If she invites me tomorrow,I shall go to the party.

  如果她明天邀請我參加聚會,我就去。

  (2)如果假設的情況是不存在的或不大可能發生的,則是非真實條件句,句中的條件從句與結果主句都用虛擬語氣。如:

  If she invited me,I should go to the party.

  假如她邀請我參加聚會,我就去。(說話人認為邀請的可能性較小或不可能。)

  2.虛擬語氣在條件句中的各種具體形式和用法

  (1)對現在的虛擬,表示與現在事實相反的假設時,其形式見下表:

  如:

  If I were you,I should/would go at once.

  如果我是你的話,我立刻就走。(隱含的事實是:我不是你,也不會立刻走。)

  If he had time,he would attend the meeting.

  如果他有時間,他會參加這個會議。(隱含的事實是:他現在沒有時間,他也不會參加這個會議。)

  (2)對過去的虛擬,表示與過去的事實相反的假設時,其形式見下表:

  如:

  If you had come yesterday,you would have met that famous professor.

  如果你昨天來,你就會見到那位著名的教授了。(隱含的事實是:你昨天沒來,也沒見到那位著名教授。)

  If we had been there last night,nothing would have happened.

  如果昨晚我們在那兒的話,什麼事情也不會發生。(隱含的事實是:我們昨晚不在,事情也發生了。)

  (3)表示與將來事實相反的假設,對將來表示懷疑,或將來的動作不太可能實現時,其形式見下表:

  如:

  If it were Saturday tomorrow,we wouldn’t go to school.

  明天要是周六的話,我們就不用上學了。

  If you were to visit our school next week,you would see me.

  如果你下星期來我們學校參觀的話,你就會見到我。

  If he had enough money next year,he might go abroad soon.

  如果他明年有足夠的錢,他很快就會出國。

  (4)錯綜時間條件句

  在非真實的條件句中,虛擬條件從句和主句動作發生的時間不一致,因此,主句和從句中的謂語動詞要根據各自的所指的不同時間選用適當的虛擬語氣形式。如:

  If you had spoken to him you saw him last time,you would know what to do now.(從句說的是過去,主句指的是現在)

  如果上次你見到他時給他說一下,現在就知道該怎麼做了。

  If you had followed my advice,you would be able to finish the work now.(從句說明過去,主句說明現在。)

  如果你當時聽了我的話,現在就能完成這份工作了。

  If I had a bike(now),I would have lent it to you yesterday.(從句與現在事實相反,主句與過去事實相反。)

  假如我有自行車,昨天早就借給你了。

  注意:條件狀語從句省略if的情況:

  在書面語中,如果條件狀語從句的謂語中有were,had 或should,就可以省略if,並將were,had 或should 放到句首,後面句子倒裝,用「Were/Had/Should+主語」的形式。省略了if的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。關於這一點在省略句中還會講到。如:

  If I were to do it,I』d do it some other way.→Were I to do it,I』d do it some other way.

  我要去做,我會以另一種方式做。

  If you should fail,try again.→Should you fail,try again.

  你要是失敗了,再試一次。

  If you had been here earlier,you would have seen him.→Had you been here earlier,you would have seen him.你要是來早點,你就能見到他了。

  (5)含蓄條件句

  有時一個假設的情況並不用條件句表示,而是用其他的方式表示出來,或暗含於上下文中,這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況:

  1)條件暗含在短語中。如:

  What would I have done without you?

  如沒有你,我會怎麼辦呢?(條件暗含在分詞短語without you中)

  I would do so in your place.

  假如我處在你的位置我會那樣做的。(條件暗含在in your place中)

  It would be easier to do it this way.

  這樣做會比較容易。(條件暗含在不定式短語to do it this way中)

  But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.

  如果沒有你的幫助,我們的實驗是不會成功的。(暗含條件是but for your help)

  Mr Smith was badly ill,or he would have attended our dinner party.

  史密斯先生病得很嚴重,否則他會參加我們的晚宴的。(暗含條件是連詞or)

  2)條件暗含在上下文中。如:

  You might stay here oforever.你可以永遠待在這兒。(可能暗含if you wanted to)

  We would have succeeded.我們本來是會成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)

  Your reputation would be ruined.你的名譽會敗壞的。(可能暗含if you should accept it)

  I would appreciate a little of your time.謝謝你給我一點時間吧。(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)

  3)在不少情況下,虛擬式已變成習慣說法,很難找出其暗含的條件。如:

  You wouldn’t know.你不會知道。

  I would like to come.我願意來。

  I wouldn’t have dreamed of it.這是我做夢也不會想到的。

  He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness.

  他將那事講得非常仔細,簡直就像他親眼看見一樣。

  (三)虛擬語氣在其他從句中的用法

  1.虛擬語氣在important,strange等形容詞或是短語後的主語從句中的用法

  這類形容詞有 important,strange,natural,necessary,desirable,urgent,pitiful,essential,imperative等,以及短語no wonder,a pity,an honor等。這些詞所構成的句型「It is+形容詞(或短語)+that should(可以省略)+v(動詞原形)」結構,表示虛擬,表示某事是「重要」「奇怪」「自然」「必要」等意義。如:

  It is necessary that he(should)be sent to hospital at once.

  有必要馬上把他送醫院。

  It is essential that the program(should)be loaded into computer.

  把程序輸入計算機非常必要。

  It is imperative that we(should)practise criticism and self-criticism.

  應當進行批評與自我批評。

  It is a pity that you(should)miss a good chance.

  很遺憾,你錯過了這麼好的機會。

  2.虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的用法

  (1)在suggest(建議),demand(要求),order(命令),propose(建議),insist(堅持要做),command(命令),request(要求),desire(希望),maintain(主張),deserve(值得提及)等意念動詞、祈使動詞或態度動詞後的賓語從句中,從句中的謂語動詞用「should(可以省略)+動詞原形」,表示建議,要求,命令等。如:

  She suggested that we(should)visit our English teacher.

  她建議我們去拜訪我們的英語老師。

  Our parents requested that we(should)work hard.

  我們的父母要求我們努力工作。

  The general manager insisted that the project(should)be carried out as planned.

  總經理堅持該項目必須按計劃執行。

  注意:

  1)suggest有兩種意思:當表示「建議」時,後面的賓語從句才用虛擬語氣;當表示「暗示」「表明」時,後面的賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。如:

  He suggested that she(should)leave that room at once.

  他建議她立刻離開那個房間。

  His smiling face suggested that he was happy.他的笑臉表明他很幸福。

  2)insist 和suggest一樣,也有兩種意思:當表示「堅持說」時,不用虛擬語氣;當表示「堅決要求」「硬要」時,後面的賓語從句才用虛擬語氣。如:

  He insisted that he was innocent.他堅持稱自己是無辜的。

  He insisted that they(should)show him their passports.

  他堅持要求他們向他出示護照。

  (2)在wish 後的賓語從句中,表示很難實現或不能實現的願望,可以翻譯為「但願……」「悔不該……」等。有三種形式:

  wish sb did表示現在不能實現的願望

  wish sb had done,wish sb could have done對過去的事情表示願望

  wish sb would(could)do表示將來的願望

  如:

  I wish(that)I were you.我但願我是你該多好啊!

  I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道這個問題的答案。

  (可惜不知道。)

  I wish(that)she hadn’t made the big mistake.

  我多麼希望她沒有犯下那個大錯誤。

  He has lost the last chance.How I wish he could have another one.

  他失去了最後一次機會,我多麼希望他能再有一次機會啊!

  注意:wish 與hope接賓語從句的區別在於:hope表示一般可以實現的希望,賓語從句用陳述語氣。wish表示很難或不大可能實現的願望,賓語從句用虛擬語氣。請比較:

  We hope we will succeed.希望我們能成功。(我們不知道我們是否能成功。)

  We wish we would succeed.但願我們能成功。(我們很難取得成功。)

  3.虛擬語氣在表語從句和同位語從句中的用法

  從句中謂語動詞用should(可以省略)+v(動詞原形)。

  常用的這類名詞有:advice,demand,suggestion,proposal,order,idea,request等。如:

  My advice is that you(should)practise speaking English as often as possible.(表語從句)

  我的建議是你儘可能經常地練習說英語。

  My suggestion that we(should)try it again is accepted by students.(同位語從句)

  我的再試一次的建議被學生們所接受。

  The order is that the work should be finished two days ahead of time.(表語從句)

  命令是提前兩天完成工作。

  The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time.(同位語從句)

  提前兩天完成工作的命令傳來了。

  4.It is/was(high,about)time+that從句句型要求用虛擬語氣

  從句中謂語動詞用過去式,指現在或將來的情況,表示「早該干某事而已經有些晚了」如:

  It is high time that we went to bed.是我們該睡覺的時間了。

  It is time that we had a class.是我們該上課的時候了。

  注意:

  1)句子中的high或about只是為了加強或緩和語氣。

  2)從句中的過去式也可以改為should+v(動詞原形),此時should 不能省略,這種情況不如用過去式普遍。如:

  It is high time that we should go to bed.是我們該睡覺的時間了。

  It is time that we should have a class.是我們該上課的時候了。

  3)上述的兩種情況都可以用It is time for sb to do sth 代替。如:

  It is high time for us to go to bed.是我們該睡覺的時間了。

  It is time for us to have a class.是我們該上課的時候了。

  5.以as if,as though或 even if,even though引導的從句

  如果談論的是不可能或是不真實的情況時,它們所引導的表示虛擬性比喻或是方式的狀語從句要用虛擬語氣。從句表示與現在事實相反,謂語動詞用一般過去時;表示與過去事實相反,用過去完成時(had+動詞過去分詞);表示將來的可能性不大,用would(might,could)+v(動詞原形)。如:

  He talks as if he knew all about it.他說的好像他全知道一樣。

  She looks as though she were sick.她看上去好像生病的樣子。

  It looks as if it might rain.看上去好像要下雨一樣。

  6.I would rather(that)…句型

  would(had)rather,would prefer所引導的從句中的謂語動詞要求用過去式表示當時或將來的情況,用過去完成時表示過去的情況,表示希望或婉轉的責備。如:

  I』d rather you posted the letter right away.我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。

  I』d rather I were in the rain now.我寧願此刻站在雨中的是我。

  7.以suppose開頭的祈使句

  從句的謂語動詞變化與as if後面的動詞變化規律相同,用過去時、過去完成時或過去將來時。意思是「假如……」,但suppose 是動詞,不是連詞。如:

  Suppose the boss walked in,what should I do?假如老闆過來了,我該怎麼辦?

  8.用在for fear that或lest引導的從句

  表示「怕……」「萬一……」等意思。從句的謂語動詞用should+動詞原形,should 可以省略。如:

  She closed the windows for fear that she(should)catch cold.她關上窗以防感冒。

  9.虛擬語氣的習慣用法

  (1)動詞的過去式用於現在時態時,表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣,常用於日常會話中。如:

  Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?

  請你告訴我去郵局的路好麼?

  It would be better for you not to stay up too late.

  你最好別熬夜到很晚。

  (2)某些習慣表達中。如:

  You』d better set off now.你最好現在就出發。

  I』d rather not tell you the secret.我情願不告訴你這個秘密。

  (3)「may+動詞原形」表示祝願,但願,此時may須置於句首(多用於正式文體中)。如:

  May good luck be yours! 祝你好運!

  May you be happy! 祝你快樂!

  May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就!

  May you succeed! 祝你成功!

  (4)動詞原形。如:

  Long live the people! 人民萬歲!

  「God bless you!」 said the priest.牧師說:「願上帝保佑你!」


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