四、非謂語動詞
2024-08-15 17:37:32
作者: 陳素珍 王向旭
非謂語動詞又稱非限定動詞,不受主語的人稱或數變化的影響,在句子中不能像動詞一樣單獨作謂語,但保留有動詞的特點,其後可以接賓語或表語。非謂語動詞在句子中可充當名詞、形容詞、副詞,因此在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、補語、定語、同位語、狀語等。非謂語動詞有三種形式:
不定式(Infinitive) 動名詞(Gerund) 分詞(Participle)
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(一)不定式
動詞不定式(Infinitive)是非限定動詞的一種,一般形式為「to+動詞原形」,有時「to」可省去。動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特徵,同時還保留有動詞的特點,可有自己的賓語、表語或狀語;此外,不定式有不同的時態和語態。如:
The professor’s wish is to fulfill his students』 learning desire.
教授的願望是滿足所有學生的求知慾。
He is believed to have entered Shuqing Medical College.
人們以為他進入澍青醫學院學習了。
1.動詞不定式的基本句法功能
(1)作主語
不定式做主語一般表示具體的某次動作。
To do that implies taking responsibility.那樣做意味著承擔責任。
To realize the Four Modernizations in our country is our duty.
在我們國家實現四個現代化是我們的責任。
注意:不定式短語作主語時,如果主語較長,通常用it 作形式主語,而把真正主語即不定式短語放在句子末尾。因此,上面兩句話也可以分別用以下表達:
It implies taking responsibility to do that.
It is our duty to realize the Four Modernizations in our country.
1)表示「困難,危險,花費」,「可能性,必要」,「頻率,第幾」等詞都可以有此類用法,如:easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,vital,essential(基本的,必須的,必要的),necessary,better,best,advisable(明智的,可取的),the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough等。
It is important to get ready before you start.在開始前做好準備是非常重要的。
2)表示「人的品德或智力」等的詞,如:good,careless(粗心的),kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish(愚蠢的),thoughtful(體貼人的,無微不至的),thoughtless,brave,considerate(細心的,考慮周到的),silly,selfish(自私的),right,wrong,(im)polite,generous(慷慨的)等。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.
他不給他們任何東西,這顯得太自私了。
注意:
1)其他系動詞如,look,appear等也可用於此句型。
2)不定式作為句子主語時,動詞用單數形式。
3)當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時,不能用It is…to…的句型。
(對)To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。
(錯)It is to believe to see.
特殊句型:「It takes sb+一段時間+to do sth」意思為「花費某人多長時間做某事」:
It took him three years to finish writing the novel.他寫這本小說花了三年時間。
(2)作賓語
通常由不定式作賓語的動詞有:afford(支付),aim(針對),appear,agree,arrange(安排),ask,beg,bother,care,choose,claim,contrive(設法),come,dare,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,elect,endeavor,fail,hope,happen,help,hesitate,intend,learn,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,resolve(決心),seem,swear(發誓),tend,threaten,wait,wish,undertake等。如:
Mike wants to go to Zhengzhou,the Capital of Henan Province.
邁克想去河南省會鄭州。
Linda has chosen to live on writing.琳達選擇以寫作為生。
注意:不定式也可作介詞賓語,但僅限於「about,but,except,save,than」等幾個介詞:
Tom was about to go out when his mother came in.
湯姆正要出去時他媽媽進來了。
The twins had no choice but to study hard.
這對雙胞胎沒有別的選擇,只有好好學習。
He did everything save to clean the chair.
他除了沒擦椅子外,其他的事都做了。
(3)作賓語補足語
1)可使用動詞不定式作賓語補足語的動詞一般表示「命令,請求,使役,幫助,思考,說明」等,如:advise,allow,announce,appoint(任命,委派),ask,assume,authorize,believe,cause,challenge,command,compel,consider,declare,discover,dislike,drive,enable,encourage,estimate,find,forbid,force,get,guess,hate,help,hire,imagine,impel,intend,induce,inform,instruct,invite,judge,know,(would)like,(would)love,oblige,order,permit,persuade,(would)prefer,presume,recommend,remind,report,request,require,reveal,select,send,show,state,suppose,tell,think,train,trust,understand,urge,want,warn,wish,can’t bear等。如:
The financial crisis has forced college graduates to further improve themselves.
金融危機迫使大學畢業生進一步提高自身修養。
The university encouraged students to practice economy.
該大學鼓勵學生節約。
注意:「主語+動詞+it+形容詞+不定式」的用法:find,get,have,believe,consider,declare,feel,find,guess,imagine,prove,realize,suppose,think等動詞適宜此句型。
I found it difficult to learn.我發現它很難學。
2)「wh +不定式」結構。不定式前加一個疑問代詞(what,which,who,whom,whose)或疑問副詞(where,when,how,why),以及連詞whether構成特殊的不定式短語,其作用相當於一個從句,這樣的不定式短語常在某些動詞後面作賓語。常見的可以接這種不定式短語的動詞有:know,see,decide,tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,find out,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe,perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等。如:
Mary hasn’t decided whether to go skiing or to go roller-skating.
瑪麗還沒有決定是去滑雪還是去溜旱冰。
Professor Lung explained how to put this technology into practice.
郎教授說明了怎樣將這項技術運用於實踐。
3)有些動詞後用不定式作賓語時,不定式符號「to」要省去,通常指使役動詞和感官動詞:
make,let,have,feel,hear,listen to,notice,observe,see,smell,watch等。如:
The police made him fill in a form.警察讓他填寫一張表格。
She felt the tears run down her cheeks.她感覺到淚水滑下臉頰。
(4)作主語補足語
動詞不定式作主語補足語是在句型「動詞+賓語+不定式」改為被動語態後,句中原來的賓語成為主語,而原來的賓語補足語就成了被動句中的主語補足語。如:
主動句:Parents remind their children to get up at six.父母提醒孩子們六點起床。
被動句:The children are reminded to get up at six.孩子們被提醒六點起床。
1)加主語補足語的動詞主要有:assume,believe,know,report,say,suppose等。
The authority has been persuaded to take measures to protect the environment.
當局被說服採取措施保護環境。
He is known to be the most famous expert in engineering.
我們知道,他是工程方面有名的專家。
2)不定式在感官動詞see,hear,feel等以及使役動詞make,have,let後作賓語補足語時不要「to」,但作主語補足語時,必須加上。對比以下a,b句:
a.The audience watched the athletes run.
b.The athletes were watched to run.
a.Her neighbour heard her play the piano last night.
b.She was heard to play the piano last night.
(5)作表語
1)當句子主語是由 all,what 引導的名詞性從句時,表語可由不定式充當。
What we must do is to hold a meeting to discuss how to work out the solution.
我們必須要做的是馬上召開會議商討解決方法。
All he wants to do is to listen to the pop music.
他想做的一件事就是聽流行音樂。
2)當句子主語為抽象名詞 aim,dream,business,duty,idea,purpose,task,wish,work 等時,不定式放在be動詞後面,形成表語。
The housemaid’s work is to clean the room every day.
這保姆的工作就是每天打掃房間。
The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to the city and to provide them with any necessary information.
這個組織的目的就是招待那些新來到這個城市的人並為他們提供任何必要的信息。
3)當句子主語是帶 to 的不定式或不定式短語時,一般可用不定式作其表語。
To take this action is to put the opponents to the ropes.採取這一行動會把對方逼上絕路。
To do that is to cut the foot to fit the shoe.那樣做是削足適履。
注意:不定式作表語只是說明主語的具體內容,要與表示將來時態的be+不定式區別開來,後者不僅表將來而且帶有情態意義,表示可能、計劃、命令、要求等。區分以下a,b 句:
a.His business is to deal with the complaints from customers.
他的工作是處理來自消費者的投訴。
b.He is to deal with the complaints from customers.
他馬上要應付顧客的投訴。
a.Lily’s wish is to become a fashion model.莉莉的願望是當一名時裝模特。
b.Lily is to become a fashion model.莉莉馬上就成為一名時裝模特了。
(6)作定語
1)不定式作定語時,常放在被修飾的詞語之後,與被修飾的詞語為邏輯上的主謂關係,動賓關係或同位關係,此時常用主動形式。如:
He is always the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.
他總是吃苦在前,享樂在後。
They appreciated his courage to challenge TOEFL.
他們欣賞他考托福的勇氣。
2)如果不定式的動詞是不及物動詞,其後要加上必要的介詞或副詞,構成的短語動詞相當於及物動詞。如:
He is not an easy man to get on with.他不是個容易相處的人。
There is nothing to worry about.沒什麼好擔心的。
3)被不定式修飾的名詞大多數為抽象名詞,它們與不定式之間為同位關係,具體來說,不定式表示被修飾名詞的具體內容。此類名詞有:ability,agreement,ambition,anxiety,arrangement,attempt,choice,decision,demand,desire,determination,eagerness,need,failure,intention,offer,plan,preparation,promise,proposal,wish,refusal,reluctance,request,willingness.這些名詞相對應的形容詞形式也通常可以由不定式修飾。如:
In their speech they expressed their determination to catch up with us.
他們在講話中表達了他們要趕上我們的決心。
His eagerness to know the result of the movie is quite evident.
他急於要知道電影結果的迫切心情顯而易見。
此外,當一個名詞前面有the first,the second 等序數詞修飾,或是有next,last,only修飾,或是由形容詞最高級修飾時,後面通常接不定式作定語。如:
That was the only company to give him the chance for an interview.
那是唯一給他面試機會的一家公司。
It will be the longest railway route to be built in the world.
這將是世界上所修最長的一條鐵路線。
4)在「There be」結構中,主語被不定式修飾(不定式作定語)時,既可用主動式,也可用被動式,意義上無甚區別。如:
There was a lot of problems to deal with/to be dealt with.
有許多問題需要處理。
5)在「with/without +賓語+賓語補足語」結構中,若賓語補足語是不定式(作定語),不定式所表示的動作將要發生,且句子的主語是該動作邏輯上的執行者,此時不定式須用主動式。如:
With nothing to do,he turned off the lights and went to bed.
已無事可做,所以他關燈睡覺了。
With several meetings to attend,the professor cannot come to our university.
教授還有幾個會議要參加,不能來我們學校了。
6)不定式有時與介詞,which 共同構成「介詞+which+不定式」結構用作定語。如:
It was a terrible day on which to go hiking.那是個不適合涉足遠行的日子。
The farmers built silos in which to store grains.農民修地窖來儲存糧食。
7)為了表達需要,強調不定式動作的執行者時,須用被動式,常用by結構引導,不定式所修飾的名詞是將要被做的事情時,不定式須用被動式。如:
This will be one of the greatest bridges to be built by our company this year.
今年我們公司將要建一座大橋。
The problem to be discussed at the next meeting is of great importance.
下次會議上將要討論的這個問題至關重要。
(7)作狀語
1)作目的狀語
You must do a lot of practice to pass the oral test.
想要通過口語考試,你必須多加練習。
注意:有時為了強調,不定式前可加in order或so as。in order 引導的不定式短語或不定式,可置於句首,但so as 引導的短語不能這樣用。在這種句式中不定式部分可轉換為so that,in order that如:
Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to forget it.
鮑伯寫下了我的電話號碼以免忘記。
也可轉化為:
Bob took down my telephone number so that(in order that)he wouldn’t forget it.
2)作結果狀語
不定式作結果狀語大多數時候表示出人意料的、令人不快的或讓人失望的結果,常在不定式前加only。如:
We came home after our holiday only to find our house clean and tidy.
我們度假回來卻發現屋子乾乾淨淨。
They went hurriedly into the classroom only to find that the class had begun.
他們急匆匆趕到教室卻發現已經上課了。
不定式作結果狀語還常用在下列句式中:
①…so+形容詞或副詞+as to;…such+名詞+as to 「如此……以至於……」
a.He was so rude as to annoy other people present.
b.He was such a rude person as to annoy other people present.
他這麼粗魯讓在場的人都討厭。
a.I’m not so stupid(a fool)as to put it in writing.
b.I’m not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.
我不至於愚蠢到會把它寫下來。
②形容詞或副詞+enough+to…「足夠,太……以至於能……」
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the police car.
這速度夠快,足以追上警車。
Teachers should speak loudly and clearly enough to make themselves heard.
老師說話應該聲音洪亮,表達清楚,好讓學生能聽見。
③…only to… 「……卻……」
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital.
簡急急忙忙趕回醫院,卻發現媽媽已離開人世。
He took off the coat only to find there is a hole on the back.
他脫下外套卻發現背面有個洞。
④…too…to…「……太……以至於不能……」
The boy is too young to take care of himself.這個男孩太小了照顧不了自己。
I’m too tired to stay up longer.我太累了不能再熬夜了。
注意:在下列結構中,too…to並非是「太……而不能……」之意。如:
I’m only too glad to have passed the exam.考試及格我太高興了。
(too修飾glad…,相當於very)
We have too much to learn.我們要學的太多了。
(不定式作定語)。
3)作條件狀語
不定式作條件狀語時,謂語中通常有 will,shall,should,can,must,could 等助動詞或情態動詞。如:
To be competent for the job,you must be diligent.
想要勝任這份工作,你必須得勤奮。
To be an acrobat,one shall be trained at a very young age.
想當雜技演員,必須在很小的時候就接受訓練。
4)作方式狀語
不定式作方式狀語時,通常採用 as if 或 as though+to 的結構。如:
He stepped towards the gate as though to go away.
他挪向大門處好像要離開。
Mary took out a pen and a notebook as if to write something.
瑪麗取出一支筆、一個筆記本,好像要寫些什麼東西。
5)作原因狀語
We were moved into tears to hear her true story.
我們被她的真實故事感動得流下了眼淚。
She screamed loudly to see Jim come out of the entire darkness.
看到吉姆從一片漆黑中走出來,她嚇得尖叫。
(8)作獨立成分
不定式短語還可作獨立成分,用於句首、句中或句末。
You』ve wasted a lot of time,to say nothing of such an hour.
你已經浪費了很多時間,更不用提這一個小時了。
The figure is 9.15,to be exact.確切地說,數字結果是9.15。
常見的短語有needless to say(不用說),to be exact(確切地說),to begin with(首先),to do him justice(說句對他公道的話),to be sure(真的),to be fair(公正地說),to tell you the truth(說實話)等。
另有,「名詞(代詞)+不定式」 結構表示伴隨狀態或補充說明,通常在句子中作狀語。如:
The monitor has made the arrangement,the first group to clean the blackboard,the second group to sweep the floor,the third group to wipe the windows.
班長做出了安排:第一組擦黑板,第二組打掃地面,第三組擦窗戶。
(9)作同位語
不定式可在一些抽象名詞後作同位語,表示該類名詞的具體內容,常見此類名詞有:ambition,arrangement,decision,direction,dream,duty,instruction,job,offer,order,plan,promise,proposal,suggestion,task,wish 等。如:
His dream to be an astronaut has never come true.
他當太空人的夢想一直沒有實現。
The manager’s arrangement,to get half of the work done in the afternoon,is not reasonable.
經理讓在一下午完成一半工作的安排是不合理的。
2.省略 to的不定式
動詞不定式的完整形式是「 to+動詞原形」,「 to」是不定式符號,沒有詞義,只用來構成不定式,有時可以省去,我們來看以下幾種情況:
(1)在情態動詞或助動詞後
You should pay more attention to your body since you are conceived with a baby.
你懷孕了更應該多多注意自己的身體。
We can do even little things to contribute to the environmental protection.
為保護環境做貢獻,我們要從身邊的哪怕是一件小事做起。
(2)在使役動詞和感官動詞後
本條參照本部分(一)不定式中(3)作賓語補足語之3。
(3)當主語從句中或修飾主語的定語從句中有 do 時
All the doctors have to do is heal the injured and rescue the dying.
醫生要做的就是救死扶傷。
The only thing we could do is watch him going away.
我們唯一能做的就是眼看著他離開。
(4)在介詞 but,except 後
He did nothing all day except smoke.他整天就知道吸菸。
The boy can do everything but read.除了讀書這個男孩什麼都做。
(5)在 cannot but,cannot choose but 和 cannot help but 之後
According to the doctor,the husband cannot but wait outside.
根據醫生囑咐,這位丈夫不得不在外面等候。
The soldiers could not choose but surrender.士兵們不得不投降。
(6)在 had better,would rather,would sooner,had best,rather than,other than 等短語之後
She would rather climb the mountain than go swimming.
她寧願去爬山而不去游泳。
Both parties have decided to accept the offer rather than quarrel with each other.
雙方都決定接受彼此的條件而不再相互爭吵。
(7)在疑問詞why引導的省略句中
Why not go to a movie with me?為什麼不跟我一塊去看電影呢?
Why come here on foot?為什麼步行來這啊?
3.不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式由不定式符號 to 前加 not 或 never 構成。如:
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
我走過的時候,她假裝沒看見。
My parents have advised me not to stay up so late.
爸媽建議我不要熬夜熬那麼晚。