三、句子分析

2024-08-15 17:39:38 作者: 陳素珍 王向旭

  句子分析的方法有好幾種,但最好採用對句子基本結構及其中的詞、短語、從句一一分析說明的方法。如:

  One(S)must do(V)one’s duty(O).人應盡其責。

  註:(S=subject主語 V=verb謂語動詞 O=object賓語 C=complement賓語補足語)

  (一)簡單句的分析

  1.America(S)is(V)a capitalist country(C).美國是一個資本主義國家。

  2.The sun(S)rises(V)in the east(adverbial狀語).太陽從東方升起。

  3.We(S)gave(V)him(O)a hearty welcome(O).我們給予他熱忱的歡迎。

  4.I(S)saw(V)him(O)going upstairs(C).我看他上樓的。

  5.How(感嘆詞)well(adverbial狀語)she(S)sings(V)! 她唱得多麼好啊!

  (二)並列句的分析

  

  1.Just at that moment(介詞短語作狀語),the school bell(S)began(V)to ring(O)and the children(S)all(同位語)came(V)out(狀語)to play(目的狀語)正值此時,學校的鐘響了,接著孩子們都跑出來玩耍。

  全句是一併列句,兩分句由and連接。

  2.They(S)understood(V)him(V)and he(S)(謂語省略)them(O).他們理解他,他也理解他們。全句是一併列句,兩分句由連詞and連接。

  3.You(S)can call(V)him(O)「little devil」(C),or you(S)can call(V)him(O)「comrade」(C)—but you(S)cannot just(狀語)call(V)「wei」(O).你可以叫他「小鬼」,你也可以叫他「同志」,但你不可只叫「餵」。

  全句是一併列句,三分句分別由or,but連接。

  (三)複合句的分析

  1.He(S)does(V)as I tell him(比較狀語從句).他照我的吩咐辦。

  2.Because no one tended the trees(原因狀語從句),a large number(S)died(V).

  由於無人照管樹木,所以大量的樹都死了。

  3.They(S)often(adv狀語)play(V)chess(O)after they have had supper(時間狀語從句).他們晚飯後常下棋。

  4.Though it was very cold(讓步狀語從句),he(S)went out(V)without an overcoat(adv狀語).天氣雖然很冷,但他沒穿大衣就出去了。

  5.If I were you(條件狀語從句),I(S)would help(V)him(O).

  我如果是你,就會幫助他。

  6.He(S)is(V)the boy(C)who broke the window(限制性定語從句).

  他就是打破窗戶的那個男孩。

  7.The rain(S)rattled(V)on the roof(adv狀語)all night(adv狀語),which kept me awake(非限制性定語從句).整夜雨打屋頂嗒嗒作響,弄得我無法入睡。

  8.You(S)may do(V)what you will(省略從句,用作賓語).

  你可以隨你的便。

  9.I(S)believe(V)that he is honest(賓語從句).我相信他是誠實的。

  10.He(S)is not(V)what he was ten years ago(表語從句).

  他已不是十年前的他了。

  (四)並列複合句的分析

  1.She(S)said(V)she would work as a cook(賓語從句),and I(S)told(V)her(O間接賓語)that I would learn to be a carpenter(賓語從句).她說她要當廚師,而我告訴她我要學木工。

  這是一個並列複合句。兩分句由連詞and連接。

  (五)長句的句子分析

  1.長句的特點:

  (1)修飾語多;

  (2)並列成分多;

  (3)語言結構層次多。

  如:The study made clear that the working class(工人階級)that is so over-represented in crime(犯罪)statistics(統計數據)consists of lower-class people living in the lower-class areas of large cities.

  2.理解長句時可採用以下步驟:

  (1)找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語,(複合句則找出主句的主、謂、賓)從整體上把握句子的結構。The study made clear that the working class that is so over-represented in crime statistics consists of lower-class people living in the lower-class areas of large cities.

  主句:The study made that…clear.

  (2)找出句中所有的非謂語動詞、介詞短語和從句的引導詞。

  The study made clear that(賓語從句引導詞)the working class that(定語從句引導詞)is so over-represented in crime statistics consists of lower-class people living(現在分詞後置做定語)in the lower-class areas of large cities.

  (3)分析從句和短語的功能,如,是否為主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句等;若是狀語,它是表示時間、原因、結果,還是表示條件等等。

  (4)分析詞、短語和從句之間的相互關係,例如,定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個,現在分詞做定語修飾的是什麼成分。

  The study made clear that the working class(先行詞)that is so over-represented in crime statistics consists of lower-class people living in the lower-class areas of large cities.

  此句可分解如下:

  1)The working class consists of lower-class people.

  2)The working class is so over-represented in crime statistics.

  3)Lower-class people are living in the lower-class areas of large cities.

  (5)注意插入語等其他成分。

  (6)注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。

  例句翻譯:研究表明這樣一個事實:犯罪統計中占多數的工人階級是由來自大城市底層的下層階級組成。


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